Abstract
In this study, we assessed the anti-inflammatory properties of spent coffee grounds. Methanolic extracts of spent coffee grounds obtained from 3 Arabica cultivars possess compounds that exerted inhibitory effects on the secretion of inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10) induced by a human pro-monocytic cell line differentiated with PMA and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Our results indicated that the cytokine suppressive activities of the spent coffee ground (SCG) extracts were different among coffee cultivars tested. Hawaiian Kona extracts exhibited inhibitory effects on the expression of 3 examined cytokines, Ethiopian Yirgacheffe extracts reduced the secretion of TNF-α and IL-6, and Costa Rican Tarrazu extracts decreased the secretion of IL-6 only. Untargeted metabolomics analyses of SCG extracts led to the putative identification of 26 metabolites with known anti-inflammatory activities. Multiple metabolites (i.e., chrysin, daidzein, eugenol, naringenin, naringin, oxyresveratrol, pectolinarin, resveratrol, tectochrysin, theaflavin, vanillic acid, and vitexin rhamnoside) identified in the SCGs represent possible novel anti-inflammatory compounds. Of the 26 identified metabolites, the 12 compounds that had high relative intensities in all of the extracts were successfully quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analyses. Results from the targeted analyses indicated that caffeine and 5-caffeoylquinic acid (CQA) were the most abundant compounds in the SCG extracts. The contents of caffeine ranged from 0.38 mg/g (Ethiopian Yirgacheffe) – 0.44 mg/g (Costa Rican Tarrazu), whereas 5-CQA concentrations were in the range of 0.24 mg/g (Costa Rican Tarrazu) – 0.34 mg/g (Ethiopian Yirgacheffe). The presence of multiple anti-inflammatory compounds in SCGs provides a promising natural source for cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.
Highlights
Coffee, one of the most frequently consumed beverages, is the second greatest valuable commodity worldwide after petroleum (Murthy and Naidu, 2012)
We described the inhibitory effects of spent coffee grounds (SCG) extracts derived from 3 Arabica cultivars on the expression of 3 inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10) using the human pro-monocytic cell line U-937
We demonstrated that methanolic extracts of SCGs possess compounds that exerted inhibitory effects on the secretion of inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10) induced in a human pro-monocytic cell line differentiated with PMS and stimulated with LPS
Summary
One of the most frequently consumed beverages, is the second greatest valuable commodity worldwide after petroleum (Murthy and Naidu, 2012). López-Barrera et al (2016) evaluated the effects of SCG fractions fermented by human gut flora on the cytokine secretion induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Bioactive compounds (e.g., caffeine, gallic acid, monocaffeoylquinic acids) identified in SCG have been reported to possess anti-inflammatory activities (Kim et al, 2005; Bravo et al, 2012; Hwang et al, 2014; Köroglu et al, 2014). Despite these findings, the profiles of anti-inflammatory compounds in SCG from different coffee cultivars have not been adequately compared and characterized
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