Abstract
During a survey on fungi associated with decline symptoms on grapevine cultivars growing in Kurdistan region of Iraq, several isolates of <i>Botryosphaeria</i> species were encountered. All isolates were identified as <i>Botryosphaeria parva</i> Pennycook and Samuels. Pathogenicity test for isolate DKI 1 was performed on two cultivars, Taefi and Rashmew. Under greenhouse conditions, one-year grape rooted cuttings were inoculated with the pathogen isolate by two methods, injecting the spore suspension into the green shoots and by artificial inoculation of wounded shoots with mycelial mat. The highest canker length (15.0 mm) was produced after four months on the shoots of the Taife cultivar artificially inoculated with mycelial mat of the pathogen. Under field conditions, two methods of inoculation were adopted, wounding the green shoots and drilling a hole in the arms of mature vine, followed by inoculation with mycelial mat. The highest canker length (11.17 mm) was obtained after 5 months on wounded shoots of the Rashmew cultivar and with a significant difference from the Taefi cultivar. The pathogen caused a reduction in fresh and dry weight of green shoots and roots compared with the non-inoculated control. This is the first report on <i>B. parva</i> in Iraq.
Highlights
Botryosphaeria spp., the causal agents of black dead arm, have been associated with young grapevine showing decline symptoms (Larignon et al 2001; Phillips, 2002; VanNiekerk et al 2004, 2006)
Botryosphaeria species have been isolated from grapevine from across the world
A symptom closely resembling the wedge-shaped necrosis is arch-shaped lesions leading to brown internal necrosis, which can be seen in cross-sectioned arms and trunks (Castillo - Pando et al 2001)
Summary
Botryosphaeria spp., the causal agents of black dead arm, have been associated with young grapevine showing decline symptoms (Larignon et al 2001; Phillips , 2002; VanNiekerk et al 2004, 2006). Recent have studies identified Botryosphaeria species as important grapevine pathogens capable to cause stem canker, wood streaking, cane bleaching, and bud necrosis in all major viticulture regions throughout the world (VanNiekerk et al 2004; Taylor et al 2005; Urbez - Torres et al 2006). Botryosphaeria species have been isolated from grapevine from across the world. A symptom that is often associated with Botryosphaeria species is bud mortality, which leads directly to yield reduction. Bud mortality is often the result of young shoots being infected by the fungus early in the season (Phillips , 1998; Larignon et al 2001). A symptom closely resembling the wedge-shaped necrosis is arch-shaped lesions leading to brown internal necrosis, which can be seen in cross-sectioned arms and trunks (Castillo - Pando et al 2001)
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