Abstract
Design criteria and structure designs for pilings, piers, and docks subject to ice are presented. Included are estimates of stationary and moving horizontal and vertical ice forces, types of constructions and materials, facility layouts to mitigate ice problems, and methods of ice suppression. Design recommendations are based on actual design experiences, field investigations in several hundred U. S. and Canadian Great Lakes harbors and ports over a period of years, and laboratory studies.
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