Abstract
Abstract Until Gandhi's return to India from South Africa in 1915, protest against the British had been episodic and mostly localized. The era of the Indian Independence Movement (1917–1947) emerged as Gandhi assumed the leadership of the Indian National Congress—the INC, or Congress, the vehicle for nationalist opposition—and radically altered its composition and tactics. Through the INC and his own independent cadres of nonviolent activists, Gandhi forged a popular nationalist coalition of urban elites and rural masses against foreign occupation. Under his guidance, Congress adopted the tactics of nonviolent direct action, civil disobedience, and noncooperation in loosely structured national campaigns that together comprised a sustained challenge against colonial occupation over three decades.
Published Version
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