Hystrix brachyura Bezoar Characterization, Antioxidant Activity Screening, and Anticancer Activity on Melanoma Cells (A375): A Preliminary Study.

Al’Aina Yuhainis Firus Khan,Tara K Jalal,Qamar Uddin Ahmed,Muhammad Farid Johan,Hatim Abdullah Natto,Ridhwan Abdul Wahab,Fatimah Opeyemi Roheem,Faizah Abdullah Asuhaimi

doi:10.3390/antiox8020039

Abstract

Porcupine bezoars (PBs) are masses of undigested calcareous concretions formed within the gastrointestinal tract. There are undocumented claims that PBs have antioxidant activity and can treat cancers. However, limited scientific study has been carried out to verify these traditional claims. Hence, this study was conducted to characterize the chemical profile and validate the antioxidant and anticancer activity against melanoma cells (A375). PB extract was initially subjected to Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GCMS), total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) analyses. The bioautography of antioxidant assays, namely 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy (DPPH), and β-carotene was performed. An in vitro A375 cell viability assay, apoptosis assay, cell cycle arrest assay, and gene expression assay were carried out as well. The experimental finding revealed 5,10-diethoxy-2,3,7,8-tetrahydro-1H,6H-dipyrrolo[1,2-a:1′,2′-d]pyrazine, ursodeoxycholic acid, and cholest-5-en-3-ol (3 beta)-, carbonochloridate are major compounds detected in PB extract. PB extract has low phenolic content, viz. 698.7 ± 0.93 (µg GAE/5 mg dry weight). The bioautography antioxidant assays revealed a potent antioxidant effect (ABTS > DPPH > β-carotene), with free radical scavenging activity. Furthermore, PB extract exhibited dose- and time-dependent inhibition of cancer activity on A375 cells due to the exhibition of apoptosis via an intrinsic pathway.

Highlights

Cancer to hasincrease been reported as the leading of mortality worldwide, and is expected to is predicted to as many assecond22 million casescause per year [2]
One recent report has revealed that cancer incidence is of apoptosis or defective apoptosis mechanisms which in turn lead to uncontrollable development of predicted to increase to asdrugs many aim as 22tomillion casescells per year
The chemical characteristic of the porcupine bezoar (PB) aqueous extract is presented in Figure 2a for FT-IR and Figure 2b for Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS)

Summary

Introduction

Cancer to hasincrease been reported as the leading of mortality worldwide, and is expected to is predicted to as many assecond22 million casescause per year [2]. Cancer is characterized by evasion surpass heart disease in the few years [1]. One recent report has revealed that cancer incidence is of apoptosis or defective apoptosis mechanisms which in turn lead to uncontrollable development of predicted to increase to asdrugs many aim as 22tomillion casescells per year. Further proliferating and metastasizing apoptosis or defective apoptosis mechanisms which in lead toresearch, uncontrollable of to other parts of the body. In spite of great advances inturn anticancer currentdevelopment chemotherapy cells [3]. Most anticancer drugs aim to halt cancer cells from further proliferating and metastasizing to drugs have been reported to leave cancer survivors with lifelong side effects [4,5]. In spite of great anticancer research, current chemotherapy drugs using a natural product with fewer sideadvances effects is in crucial

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