Abstract
We have previously shown that hypoxia‐induced proliferation of human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (hPMVEC) depends on arginase II, and that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is necessary for hypoxic‐induction of arginase II. However, it remains unclear how hypoxia activates EGFR‐mediated signaling in hPMVEC. We hypothesized that hypoxia results in epidermal growth factor (EGF) production and that EGF binds to EGFR to activate the signaling cascade leading to arginase II induction and proliferation in hPMVEC. We found that hypoxia significantly increased the mRNA levels of EGF, EGFR, and arginase in hPMVEC. Hypoxia significantly increased pEGFR(Tyr845) protein levels and an EGF neutralizing antibody prevented the hypoxic induction of pEGFR. Inhibiting EGFR activation prevented hypoxia‐induced arginase II mRNA and protein induction. Treatment of hPMVEC with exogenous EGF resulted in greater levels of arginase II protein both in normoxia and hypoxia. An EGF neutralizing antibody diminished hypoxic induction of arginase II and resulted in fewer viable cells in hPMVEC. Similarly, siRNA against EGF prevented hypoxic induction of arginase II and resulted in fewer viable cells. Finally, conditioned media from hypoxic hPMVEC induced proliferation in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (hPASMC), however, conditioned media from a group of hypoxic hPMVEC in which EGF were knocked down did not promote hPASMC proliferation. These findings demonstrate that hypoxia‐induced arginase II expression and cellular proliferation depend on autocrine EGF production leading to EGFR activation in hPMVEC. We speculate that EGF‐EGFR signaling may be a novel therapeutic target for pulmonary hypertensive disorders associated with hypoxia.
Highlights
Vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling in the pulmonary circulation are the hallmarks of pulmonary hypertension
We have shown in both human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells and in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells that hypoxiainduced cellular proliferation depends on arginase II (Chen et al 2009, 2012; Toby et al 2010; White et al 2017; Xue et al 2017)
Incubating human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (hPMVEC) in hypoxia resulted in ~13-fold greater epidermal growth factor (EGF) mRNA levels than in hPMVEC incubated in normoxia (Fig. 1A)
Summary
Vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling in the pulmonary circulation are the hallmarks of pulmonary hypertension. We have shown in both human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (hPMVEC) and in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (hPASMC) that hypoxiainduced cellular proliferation depends on arginase II (Chen et al 2009, 2012; Toby et al 2010; White et al 2017; Xue et al 2017). We have previously shown that in hPMVEC the hypoxic induction of arginase II depends on epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation (Toby et al 2010). We have previously shown that EGF treatment of bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells resulted in EGFR phosphorylation and activation (Nelin et al 2005). We hypothesized that hypoxia results in EGF production and that the EGF produced leads to the hypoxic induction of arginase II and proliferation in hPMVEC via EGFR activation. We performed cell proliferation studies in hPASMC using conditioned media from hPMVEC
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