Abstract
Simple SummaryA article proved that, in rats with PTU-induced hypothyroidism, the E2 level as well as the expression of the uterine-receptivity factors homeobox A10 and osteopontin was decreased. Additionally, we observed changes in the expression of PGE2, PGF2α, and PGI2 signaling pathway elements, and changes in the concentrations of those prostaglandins in uterine tissue. The results suggest that hypothyroidism may interfere with the prostaglandin signaling pathway, which may further result in a reduction in uterine receptivity.Thyroid hormones control the functions of almost all body systems. Reproductive dysfunctions, such as abnormal sexual development, infertility, or irregularities in the reproductive cycle, might be associated with thyroid disorders. Uterine receptivity is the period when the uterus is receptive to the implantation of an embryo. During the receptivity period (implantation window), a newly formed blastocyst is incorporated into the uterine epithelium. Prostaglandins are well-known primary mediators of pathological conditions such as inflammation and cancer but are also essential for the physiology of female reproduction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible relationship between hypothyroidism and changes in the prostaglandin signaling pathways in the uterus and in the process of uterine receptivity in a rat model. The results show that hypothyroidism impaired uterine receptivity by decreasing the level of E2 as well as decreasing the expression of the uterine-receptivity factors homeobox A10 and osteopontin. Moreover, hypothyroidism caused changes in the expression of elements of the prostaglandin E2, F2α, and I2 signaling pathways and changed the levels of those prostaglandins in the uterine tissue. The results suggest that the mechanisms by which hypothyroidism affects female reproductive abnormalities might involve the prostaglandin signaling pathway, resulting in a subsequent reduction in uterine receptivity.
Highlights
IntroductionThyroid hormones control the functions of almost all the body’s systems
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Thyroid hormones control the functions of almost all the body’s systems
We showed that the Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) protein level was significantly lower in the group of rats with induced hypothyroidism in comparison to the control group of animals
Summary
Thyroid hormones control the functions of almost all the body’s systems They stimulate growth and development, affect metabolism, and are essential for the proper function of the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, and immune system, as well as influencing the reproductive system [1,2,3,4,5]. Thyroid hormones regulate the secretion of the main reproductive hormones—estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4). These hormones are necessary for the maturation and development of the oocytes, prepare the endometrium. Hypothyroidism can disrupt the menstrual cycle and ovulation [5,9]. It can cause problems with fertilization and implantation, miscarriage, and late-pregnancy complications [10,11]
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