Abstract
Objective: This study was to investigate the effect of analog rice (AR) on glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and insulin serum levels, glucose transporter-2 (GLUT-2) expression, and fasting blood glucose (FBG) level in diabetic rats.
 Methods: Fifty male Wistar rats divided into the control group (n=10) and the experimental group. High-fat diet and streptozotocin were administered in experimental groups, which then divided into four equal groups (n=10, each) (negative control group, rice group, AR1 and AR2 group, given standard pellet, rice pellet, AR1 and AR2 pellet, respectively, for 6 weeks). GLP-1 and insulin serum levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression of GLUT-2 and the number of pancreatic β-cells observed using an immunohistochemistry method.
 Results: FBG levels in the AR1 and AR2 groups decreased, while the rice group remained. GLP-1 serum levels of the negative control and rice groups were not significantly different from the control group, while the AR1 and AR2 groups higher than the control group (p≤0.05). All the treatment groups had insulin serum levels significantly lower than control group (p≤0.05), except the AR1 group. The expression of GLUT-2 and the number of pancreatic β-cells in the treatment groups were less than the control group, but between treatment groups were not significantly different.
 Conclusion: AR significantly effective in reducing FBG level in diabetic rats through stimulation of increased GLP-1 and insulin serum levels serum levels but AR did not affect on the expression of GLUT-2.
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus (DM) prevalence worldwide increased by 11% within 4 years
Post-induction fasting blood glucose (FBG) level of the control group did not change, whereas post-induction FBG level of the experimental groups has increased, but there was no significant difference on FBG levels between the experimental groups
The effects of analog rice (AR) on glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) serum level in diabetic rats The GLP-1 serum level on negative control group and rice group was not different from the control group. This indicates that the administration of high-fat diet (HFD) and STZ did not affect in significant changes on GLP-1 serum level and the administration of rice for 6 weeks has not been shown to significantly increase GLP-1 serum levels
Summary
In 2013, the number of diabetic patients was 381.8 million [1] and increased to 425 million in 2017 [2,3]. DM is a troubling disease because it causes many complications, both acute and chronic. Such complications include stroke, heart failure, kidney failure, sexual dysfunction, cataracts, and gangrene [2,4]. DM patients who consume rice as a staple food can result in suboptimal control of blood glucose [10]. This can contribute to therapeutic failure of DM; we need to find a substitute staple food
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