Abstract
Significance: Aortic arch (AA) atheroma and AA atheroma progression are independent risk factors for recurrent vascular events in stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA) patients. Total homocysteine level (tHcy) is an independent risk marker for atherosclerosis including that found in AA. The purpose of this study was to prospectively test the association between AA atheroma progression and tHcy. Methods: This is a cohort study of 307 consecutive hospitalized stroke/TIA patients undergoing transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) as a part of their clinical workup. Measurable AA atheroma was detected in 167 patients of whom 125 consented to a protocol-mandated follow-up TEE at 12 months. Patients had evaluation for vascular risk factors, dietary factors (folate, B12 and pyridoxine), and methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphism. One hundred eighteen stroke/TIA patients had tHcy, acceptable paired AA images, and detailed plaque measurements. An increase by ≥1 grade of AA atheroma was defined as progression. Results: Of the 118 patients, 33 (28%) showed progression and 17 (14%) showed regression of their index arch lesion at 1 year. tHcy (≥14.0 μmol/l) was significantly associated with progression on both univariate (RR = 3.4, 95% CI 2.0–5.8) and multivariate analyses (adjusted RR = 3.6, 95% CI 2.2–4.6). The changes in AA plaque thickness (r2 = 0.11; p < 0.001) and AA plaque area (r2 = 0.08; p = 0.002) correlated with tHcy. tHcy was associated with change in plaque thickness over 12 months, independent of age, dietary factors, renal function and MTHFR polymorphism (Standardized β-coefficient 0.335, p = 0.02). Conclusions: Our results validate the association and a linear correlation between tHcy and progression of AA atheroma.
Highlights
Significant aortic arch (AA) atheroma is the second most prevalent cardioembolic risk factor for stroke after atrial fibrillation, and is present in 16–20% of all stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) patients (Sen et al, 2000; Cheitlin et al, 2003)
We have shown that AA atheroma progression is an independent risk factor for recurrent vascular events in stroke/ TIA patients (Sen et al, 2007)
In a retrospective analysis of sequential transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) data, we have shown that AA atheroma has a high rate of progression (Sen et al, 2002); in 29% of stroke/TIA patients AA atheroma worsened ≥1 grade in 9 months compared to
Summary
Significant aortic arch (AA) atheroma is the second most prevalent cardioembolic risk factor for stroke after atrial fibrillation, and is present in 16–20% of all stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) patients (Sen et al, 2000; Cheitlin et al, 2003). We have shown that AA atheroma progression is an independent risk factor for recurrent vascular events in stroke/ TIA patients (Sen et al, 2007). Detection and measurement of AA atheroma is a safe procedure in stroke/TIA patients using the wellestablished, validated, and cost-effective method of transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) (Daniel et al, 1991; McNamara et al, 1997; Cheitlin et al, 2003). The study was limited by the fact that methods to control for the location of those measurements had not been developed and factors that may influence the association between homocysteine and atherosclerosis such as diet and genetic polymorphism were not assessed
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