Hygiene activity of bees in certain territories of Ukraine

Abstract

The main results of the evaluation of the hygienic activity of bees are highlighted and it is assumed that pollution affects the behavioral patterns of bees and the general protective immune response of the body to the penetration of infection. After all, in Kharkiv, Sumy and Mykolaiv regions, an increased level of pollution was noted in connection with the approach to the zone of hostilities, in particular, the recording of flights to the territory of the apiary, shelling and the movement of heavy military equipment. We assumed that the weakening of the resistance of honey bees to diseases and the deterioration of the general immune response of the body may occur as a result of contamination of the natural environment, including feed, pollen and nectar, with various toxic substances. These substances can include heavy metals, radioactive elements, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, antibiotics and other chemical compounds that negatively affect the health of bees and the quality of beekeeping products. It is shown that the best indicators of the activity of the hygienic behavior of bees were noted for the territory with the least anthropogenic load and the most distant from the zone of hostilities (Vinnytsia region). The hygienic behavior of bees is that they identify and remove infected or dead larvae from the hive, which can be a source of disease and parasites. This behavior is an important factor in the survival of bee colonies and maintaining productivity. Further studies include the selection of bees and beekeeping products (honey, honey) for laboratory studies to assess the possibility of their use in bioindication of environmental pollution. Bioindication is a method of measuring the quality of the environment using living organisms that respond to changes in environmental conditions. Bees are sensitive bioindicators because they forage over a large area and reflect the level of contamination in their products. Analyzing the research results, it can be concluded that in one group of bees, the indicators of the time of complete removal of dead brood for 2022–2023 had an uneven character. Fairly low indicators of hygienic activity over the two-year period were noted in the 2nd and 3rd groups of bees, as the average value of the time of complete removal of dead larvae was 22.7 and 23.5 hours, respectively. The lowest indicators of the time of removal of dead brood over the entire period of observation were noted in the 5th group of bees. However, the average indicators of this group are 6.5% lower than in the control group. When studying the hygienic behavior of bee colonies, we found that the efficiency of removing dead brood depends on the strength of the colony. A correlation between the values of hygienic activity of bees and family strength obtained in 2022 was found in the 2nd (R=0.95) and 3rd (R=0.78) groups. In 2023, a strong relationship between the indicators of the time of removal of 100% of larvae and the strength of the family was noted in the 5th (R=0.74), 1st groups (R=0.72). This indicates that stronger bee colonies have a greater ability to self-cleanse from dangerous factors that may threaten their health and productivity.