Hydroxyapatite prepared from snail (Pilla ampulacea) and scallop (Anadara granosa) shells as low cost-renewable catalyst in biodiesel conversion

Abstract

Research on preparation of hydroxyapatite (HAP) from snail (Pilla ampullacea) and scallop (Adanara granosa) shell wastes and utilization for biodiesel conversion was investigated. With the aim of developing a green heterogeneous catalyst, physicochemical characterization toward derived CaO from raw materials and prepared HAP materials was performed using x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier-Transform Infra Red, solid basicity and surface area determination using volumetric methods. The results showed that HAP was successfully prepared as identified by XRD and FTIR data. The conversion of CaO to HAP leads to the increasing solid basicity and surface area of material and consequently, the HAP exhibits higher active for biodiesel conversion of soybean oil. The best activity was obtained by HAP derived from scallop shell with the yield of 90.50% and the turnover frequency (TOF) of 1.375 × 10−3/h.