Abstract
Biocrude derived from hydrothermal liquefaction of municipal sludge has a high nitrogen content, which limits its direct use. This work explored coupling effects of reaction temperature and residence time on N transformation during hydrothermal liquefaction of municipal sludge. The results showed that 350 ℃ and 40 min were the optimal conditions, which led to the highest biocrude yield, HHV, energy recovery, and N removal efficiency after hydrothermal liquefaction of municipal sludge within 200–350 ℃ for 10–50 min. More than 60 wt% N in municipal sludge was distributed in the aqueous phase and NH4+ was the richest substance after hydrothermal liquefaction. Also, N transformation pathways were clarified by correlating the effects of reaction temperature and residence time on N distribution.
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