Abstract
The urgent need to address climate change has prompted a shift from fossil fuels towards green energy sources, such as hydropower for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. All-vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) is suitable for large-scale energy storage, aimed at stabilizing the renewable energy output. However, VRFB faces challenges in terms of membrane design, electrode performance, and environmental impact. This article provides a comprehensive review of key components in VRFB technology, namely electrodes, membranes, and bipolar plates, discussing their working principles, designs, and recent research findings. The critical role of Nafion® membranes is explored, as they impact both performance and environmental implications. Several strategies are discussed to mitigate the environmental impact, such as alternative membrane materials and protective coatings. The article emphasizes the potential development of VRFB systems as an adaptable and effective energy storage solution for hydropower applications while acknowledging the necessity of sustainable practices for their broader adoption.
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