Hydrophilic and positively charged polyethylenimine-functionalized mesoporous magnetic clusters for highly efficient removal of Pb(II) and Cr(VI) from wastewater

Abstract

We develop mesoporous magnetic clusters (MMCs) functionalized with hydrophilic branched polyethylenimine (b-PEI), later called b-MG, and MMCs functionalized with positively charged b-PEI (p-MG). These materials efficiently remove Pb(II) and Cr(VI) from wastewater. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption analysis results clearly indicate that hydrophilic b-PEI and positively charged b-PEI are successfully attached to the MMC surfaces. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy analyses confirm that the crystal structures and morphologies of the MMCs are maintained well even when wet chemical modification processes are used to introduce hydrophilic b-PEI and positively charged b-PEI to the MMC surfaces. Langmuir and Sips isotherm models are applied to describe Pb(II) adsorption behavior of the b-MG and Cr(VI) adsorption behavior of the p-MG. The isotherm models indicate that the maximum adsorption capacities of b-MG and p-MG, respectively, are 216.3 and 334.1 mg g−1, respectively. These are higher than have previously been found for other adsorbents. In reusability tests, using magnetic separation and controlling the pH, the Pb(II) recovery efficiency of the b-MG is 95.6% and the Cr(VI) recovery efficiency of the p-MG is 68.0% even after the third cycle.