Abstract
Two stormwater control measures (SCMs) installed in series were monitored for their individual impact on the hydrology and water quality of stormwater runoff from a 0.08-hectare watershed in Fayetteville, North Carolina, for 22 months. Runoff was first treated by permeable interlocking concrete pavement (PICP), the underdrain of which discharged into a proprietary box filter (Filterra® biofiltration) which combined high-flow-engineered media with modest biological treatment from a planted tree. Due to a deteriorating contributing drainage area and high ratio of impervious area to permeable pavement area (2.6:1), clogging of the permeable pavement surface caused an estimated 38% of stormwater to bypass as surface runoff. Fifty-six percent of runoff volume infiltrated underlying soils, and the remaining 6% exited the Filterra® as treated effluent; the hydrologic benefit of the Filterra® was minimal, as expected. Primary treatment through the PICP significantly reduced event mean concentrations (EMCs) of total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) but contributed to a significant increase in nitrate/nitrite (NO2,3–N) concentrations. Secondary treatment by the Filterra® further reduced TSS and TP concentrations and supplemented nitrogen removal such that treatment provided by the overall system was as follows: TSS (removal efficiency (RE): 96%), TP (RE: 75%), TN (RE: 42%), and TKN (RE: 51%). EMCs remained unchanged for NO2,3–N. Despite EMC reductions, additional load reduction due to the Filterra® was modest (less than 2%). This was because (1) a majority of pollutant load was removed via PICP exfiltration losses, and (2) nearly all of the export load was from untreated surface runoff, which bypassed the Filterra®, and therefore the manufactured device never had the opportunity to treat it. Cumulative load reductions (based only upon events with samples collected at each sampling location) were 69%, 60%, and 41% for TSS, TP, and TN, respectively. When surface runoff was excluded, load reductions increased to over 96%; lower run-on ratios (which would reduce clogging rate) and/or increased maintenance frequency might have improved pollutant load removal.
Highlights
Stormwater runoff from urban catchments is a significant cause of surface water impairment in the United States [1]
The vegetative stormwater control measures (SCMs) did not further reduce pollutant concentrations because filtration through the permeable friction course reduced sediment and particulate-bound pollutants to apparently irreducible concentrations [13]. These results suggest several questions remain regarding when installing SCMs in series, including: (1) what are the individual hydrologic impacts for each in-series SCM? (2) Which combination of SCMs might achieve better water quality improvement? (3) How do downstream SCMs impact effluent concentrations released by upstream SCMs? (4) How should SCMs be “credited” for regulatory purposes when used in series?
Water quality from runoff treated by both systems was significantly improved for total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN) and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN); NO2,3 –N was not significantly changed, and total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN) and total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) were not statistically evaluated for overall treatment since all Filterra® effluent samples were less than the detection limit
Summary
Stormwater runoff from urban catchments is a significant cause of surface water impairment in the United States [1]. Doan and Davis [10] studied a bioretention-cistern treatment train; pollutant concentrations measured from the cistern were below those measured in tap water, indicating water from the cistern might be a good source for irrigation None of these studies monitored the individual effect of each practice, raising questions regarding the specific benefit of ancillary treatment by the second SCM in the series. The vegetative SCMs did not further reduce (and in some cases increased) pollutant concentrations because filtration through the permeable friction course reduced sediment and particulate-bound pollutants to apparently irreducible concentrations [13] These results suggest several questions remain regarding when installing SCMs in series, including: (1) what are the individual hydrologic impacts for each in-series SCM?
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