Abstract
Mahoba district comes under the state of Uttar Pradesh (U.P.), India which is a part of mighty Bundelkhand Granitic Terrain known for its water debt condition. The region is hard rock terrain having recent alluvium cover of variable thickness relating to slope and level of erosion. Secondary porosity i.e. in the fractures and cracks present hosts the groundwater in the study area. The high-water scarcity and poor drinking quality led us to carry out our research work in the study area. The water facies analysed shows Ca–Mg–HCO3 and Na–HCO3 water types which indicated their compositional source from rock and anthropogenic inputs. Majority of the samples showed the dominance of alkaline earths over alkalies and weak acids over stronger counterparts. The correlation coefficients calculated between hydrochemical parameters projects a strong positive correlation of EC and TDS with most of the major ions, including SO42−, NO3−. The hierarchical cluster analysis of all samples was classified into five clusters (C1A, C1B, C2A, C2B1 and C2B2). The sites of cluster C1 water samples were found located closer to drainage streams than C2 cluster water samples. The excessive fertilizers, unplanned municipal wastes and agricultural wastes resulted in high SO42− and NO3−. High F− showed concentration in various samples may have geogenic sources due to flour-apatite in granitic terrain and Fe found in excess gives an unpleasant taste on drinking. The analysed irrigation parameters (%Na, MR, TDS, RSC, SAR, TH, and KI) revealed perfect under permissible quality. Various negative human health issues like indigestion, bone problems, alimentary canal problems have been seen due to excess of SO42−, NO3− and F−). The study reflects the need for immediate preventive measures to improve drinking quality from health alarming ion concentrations and also would help for further management programs.
Highlights
It is a common fact that groundwater is a freshwater source which can be consumed readily and directly without processing
The various physical and chemical data have been analysed for 60 groundwater samples of the Mahoba district
According to the TDS values 96.6 to 95% of samples belongs to freshwater type and 3.4 to 5% of samples belongs to brackish type
Summary
It is a common fact that groundwater is a freshwater source which can be consumed readily and directly without processing. A long term decline in groundwater has been observed in various states including Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Parts of U.P. and M.P. specially in Bundelkhand region (Gupta, 2014; Krishnamurthy, 1996; Krishna kumar, 2012; Shankar, 2006, Abhay K.S. et al, 2012; Paul et al, 2020).The groundwater usage among people increased many folds and unmannered huge consumption of groundwater lead to over exploitation of groundwater, aquifer depletion and increase of groundwater pollution (Raju N.J. et al, 1994; Chowdhury et al, 2009, 2010; Pradhan, 2009: Pratap, 2000; World Bank Deep Wells and Prudence, 2010; World Bank Report India Groundwater, 2012, Paul et al, 2020). Are some few important elements which are useful as constituents of water in different use upto a limit but their excessive presence(above permissible limit) cause harmful effects combinely known as pollution. The endemic water problem of fluorosis (Choubisa, 2001; Susheela et al, 1993; Susheela, 1999; Teotia and Teotia, 1984; Subba Rao N. and John Devadas D., 2003; Sreedevi PD et al, 2006; Raju NJ et al, 2009) has been found in many parts
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