Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is synthesized in the adipose tissue mainly by cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE). Several studies have demonstrated that H2S is involved in adipogenesis, that is the differentiation of preadipocytes to adipocytes, most likely by inhibiting phosphodiesterases and increasing cyclic AMP concentration. The effect of H2S on adipose tissue insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake is controversial. Some studies suggest that H2S inhibits insulin-induced glucose uptake and that excess of H2S contributes to adipose tissue insulin resistance in metabolic syndrome. In contrast, other studies have demonstrated that H2S stimulates glucose uptake and its deficiency contributes to insulin resistance. Similarly, the effect of H2S on adipose tissue lipolysis is controversial. H2S produced by perivascular adipose tissue decreases vascular tone by activating ATP-sensitive and/or voltage-gated potassium channels in smooth muscle cells. Experimental obesity induced by high calorie diet has a time dependent effect on H2S in perivascular adipose tissue; short and long-term obesity increase and decrease H2S production, respectively. Hyperglycemia has been consistently demonstrated to suppress CSE-H2S pathway in various adipose tissue depots. Finally, H2S deficiency may contribute to adipose tissue inflammation associated with obesity/metabolic syndrome.
Highlights
Studies performed during the last two decades indicate that endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) plays an important role in the regulation of many physiological processes such as neurotransmission, vascular tone, inflammatory and immune reactions, gastrointestinal function, cancer development, etc. [1,2,3,4,5]
H2 S is synthesized from L-cysteine and/or L-homocysteine in at least three enzymatic pathways catalyzed by cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), cystathionine gamma-lyase (CSE) and cysteine aminotransferase together with 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST) [6]
The expression of CB1 receptor at the mRNA level was significantly higher and its expression at the protein level tended to be higher in Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) of high fat-fed than in lean control rats. These results indicate that short-term feeding with the high fat diet up-regulates endocannabinoid system in perivascular adipose tissue leading to suppression of mitochondrial biogenesis, impairment of H2 S oxidation and augmentation of H2 S-mediated anticontractile effect of PVAT
Summary
Studies performed during the last two decades indicate that endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) plays an important role in the regulation of many physiological processes such as neurotransmission, vascular tone, inflammatory and immune reactions, gastrointestinal function, cancer development, etc. [1,2,3,4,5]. Studies performed during the last two decades indicate that endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) plays an important role in the regulation of many physiological processes such as neurotransmission, vascular tone, inflammatory and immune reactions, gastrointestinal function, cancer development, etc. To exert its biological activities, H2 S exploits several unique molecular signaling mechanisms such as sulfidation of protein thiol (-SH) to persulfide (-SSH) groups, reaction with reactive oxygen (e.g., superoxide anion radical, hydrogen peroxide, etc.) and nitrogen (nitric oxide, NO) species, and interaction with hemeproteins [7,8,9]. In this paper we will briefly review the role of H2 S in adipose tissue which was, until now, much less studied, during the last 10 years some important data have been accumulated in this area
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