Abstract
Autophagy is a degradative conserved process in eukaryotes to recycle unwanted cellular protein aggregates and damaged organelles. Autophagy plays an important role under normal physiological conditions in multiple biological processes, but it is induced under cellular stress. Therefore, it needs to be tightly regulated to respond to different cellular stimuli. In this review, the regulation of autophagy by hydrogen sulfide is described in both animal and plant systems. The underlying mechanism of action of sulfide is deciphered as the persulfidation of specific targets, regulating the pro- or anti-autophagic role of sulfide with a cell survival outcome. This review aims to highlight the importance of sulfide and persulfidation in autophagy regulation comparing the knowledge available in mammals and plants.
Highlights
IntroductionThe differences among them have been previously described in detail elsewhere [7,8], and this review will focus on macro-autophagy (hereafter, autophagy)
The aim of this review is to provide insights into the role of Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) regulating autophagy, contrasting the available knowledge in plant and animal systems
It has been widely accepted that the beneficial effect of sulfide mitigating different stresses, as well as all the studies published, point toward an anti-autophagic role of sulfide by repressing autophagy
Summary
The differences among them have been previously described in detail elsewhere [7,8], and this review will focus on macro-autophagy (hereafter, autophagy) In this latest process, the cytoplasm and/or organelles are isolated in double membrane vesicles—named autophagosomes—and transported to the lytic organelle (vacuole in plants and yeast, and lysosome in animals) to be degraded, resulting in the turnover of cellular components. Inhibition of TOR, usually induced by starvation of nutrients such as nitrogen starvation, is the main pathway that triggers autophagy It can be regulated by repression of glucose signaling, activating the energy sensor Snf1-related protein kinase. Autophagy is triggered by different biotic and abiotic stresses such as oxidative stress, salinity, hypoxia, heat and cold, nutrient starvation, ER stress and pathogen infection.
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