Abstract
Air pollution produced by the direct burning of fossil fuels is a serious problem. Therefore, there is a vital demand for renewable and clean fuel replacements for future energy source. Hydrogen, which exhibits high calorific value and is a clean burning product, could be the first choice in the future, as it is a good-looking fuel for fuel cells where the electric energy is directly gotten by the electrochemical reactions of hydrogen and oxygen. Rapidly solidified Al100-x-Snx alloy X= (0, 25, 55, 75 all in wt.%) was prepared using melt spinning technique at 800 ºC. The structural and microstructural evolutions of the phases have been studied using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and the Rietveld method. Al45Sn55 alloy shows the best volume of hydrogen generation which is (531 ml), this alloy has the highest number of grains (1096) than other prepared alloys in its surface which examined through a Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and analyzed using an SPM data visualization and analysis tool (Gwyddion 2.32). Differential thermal analysis (DTA) was used for calculating melting temperature for all prepared alloys. Melting temperature reduced from 933.47 K for Al pure to 500.95 K in Al45Sn55 alloy. Temperature dependence of resistivity had been performed for all prepared alloys. Electrical properties of prepared alloys show the decrease in volume of the unit cell V with increasing VEC, which means that the volume of the first Brillouin zone increases by increasing VEC since they are inversely proportional to each other.
Highlights
The direct combustion of fossil fuels that produced air pollution is a dangerous environmental problem
The microstructure of the rapidly solidified Al-Sn alloys were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM /Hitachi S-4800) at the (Central Metallurgical Research Institute - Helwan- Egypt), utilizes an electron beam accelerated at 500 V to 30 kV, and features a maximum resolution of 1 nm
It is observed that the peak corresponding to the planes (1 1 1), (2 0 0), (2 2 0) and (3 1 1) confirming the phase formation of pure Al with a well defined face centered cubic structure (FCC) of space group (F m -3 m) and coinciding with the (ICCD:03-065-2869).And the peak corresponding to the planes (2 1 1), (1 0 1), (3 0 1), (2 0 2), (3 2 1) and (2 1 1) confirming the phase formation of pure β-Sn with a well defined tetragonal structure of space group (I 41/a m d) and coinciding with the (ICCD: 03-065-0296)
Summary
The direct combustion of fossil fuels that produced air pollution is a dangerous environmental problem. Numerous methods can be used for hydrogen generation, such as the decomposition of fossil fuels, water splitting and a reaction of metals or alloys with water. The inactive film can form on the Al surface during the hydrogen generation, which decreases the hydrogen production rate Numerous methods such as the use of chemical additives in solutions and the addition of alloying elements in Al alloys have been considered to stop the creation of inactive film and accelerate the corrosion of the alloy surface. It has been reported that hydrogen can be produced by the reaction of Si with an alkaline solution of NaOH [17] Another metal is needed to activate the reaction between Si and water to produce H2, due to the low activity of Si, and Al can be used for this persistence [18]. Al-Sn alloy reactants were investigated by changing the alloy content and microstructure
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