Hydrogen Exchange Equilibria in Thiols

Abstract

Cysteine, cysteinyl-glycine, glutathione, phenylalanyl-cysteinyl-glycine, and histidyl-cysteinyl-glycine were dissolved in acidic and neutral D(2)O in the presence of the radical generator 2,2'-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride and radical mediator compounds (benzyl alcohol and 2-propanol). An exchange of H-atoms by D-atoms took place in these peptides due to intramolecular H-abstraction equilibria. NMR measurements allow one to follow the extent of H-D exchanges and to identify the sites where these exchanges take place. Significant exchanges occur in acidic media in GSH at positions Glu-β and Glu-γ, in Phe-Cys-Gly at positions Phe ortho, Phe-β, Cys-α, Cys-β, and Gly-α, and in His-Cys-Gly at positions His H1, His H2, His β, Cys β, and Gly α. In neutral media, exchanges occur in Cys-Gly at position Cys β and in GSH at position Cys α. Phe-Cys-Gly and His-Cys-Gly were not examined in neutral media. Sites participating in the radical exchange equilibria are highly dependent on structure and pH; the availability of electron density in the form of lone pairs appears to increase the extent of exchange. Interestingly, and unexpectedly, 2D NMR experiments show that GSH rearranges itself in acidic solution: the signals shift, but their patterns do not change. The formation of a thiolactone from Gly and Cys residues matches the changes observed.