Abstract
The dominating trend of variable renewable energy sources (RES) continues to underpin the early retirement of baseload power generating sources such as coal, nuclear, and natural gas steam generators; however, the need to maintain system reliability remains the challenge. Implementing energy storage with conventional power plants provides a method for load leveling, peak shaving, and time shifting allowing power quality improvement and reduction in grid energy management issues, implementing energy storage with RES smooth their intermittency, by storing the surplus in their generation for later use during their shortfall, thus enabling their high penetration into the electricity grid. Energy storage technologies (EST) can be classified according to many criteria like their application (permanent or portable), capacity, storage duration (short or long), and size (weight and volume). EST suited for short duration storage and low-to-medium power outputs are seen performing better in improving power quality, while those providing medium-to-high power outputs with long durations are seen better suited for energy management of electrical networks. With the growing deployment of renewable energy systems, EST must be utilized to allow the grid to absorb the increased integration of RES generation. The recent advances in hydrogen energy storage technologies (HEST) have unlocked their potential for use with constrained renewable generation. HEST combines hydrogen production, storage, and end use technologies with the renewable generation either in a directly connected configuration or in an indirectly connected configuration via the existing power network. This chapter introduces the hydrogen energy storage technology and its implementation in conjunction with renewable energy sources. The efficiency of renewable hydrogen energy storage systems (RHESS) will be explored with a techno-economic assessment. A levelized cost (LC) model that identifies the financial competitiveness of HEST in different application scenarios is given, where five scenarios are investigated to demonstrate the most financially competitive configuration. To address the absence of a commercial software tool that can quickly size an energy system incorporating HEST while using limited data, a deterministic modeling approach that enables a quick initial sizing of hybrid renewable hydrogen energy systems (HRHES) is given in this chapter. This modeling approach can achieve the initial sizing of a HRHES using only two input data, namely the available renewable energy resource and the load profile. A modeling of the effect of the electrolyzer thermal transients at start-up, when operated in conjunction with an intermittent renewable generation, on the quantity of hydrogen produced is also given in this chapter.
Highlights
The green-house gas emissions associated with conventional electricity generation will lead to an increase in the average global temperature over the upcoming years, which in turn will lead to raised sea levels and more frequent extreme weather conditions and droughts
A novel levelized cost model has been developed for investigating the financial competitiveness of the hydrogen energy storage technology
The proposed method requires a very limited number of input data to offer an initial system size for a hybrid renewable hydrogen energy storage system (HRHES) very quickly, and it is useful at the very early initial design phase to assist in the early decision-making for system implementation
Summary
The green-house gas emissions associated with conventional electricity generation will lead to an increase in the average global temperature over the upcoming years, which in turn will lead to raised sea levels and more frequent extreme weather conditions and droughts. To mitigate such global climate changes, the world needs an energy transition that allows a cleaner and more sustainable energy supply. The effect of the electrolyzer thermal transients at start-up, when operated in conjunction with the intermittent renewable generation, on the quantity of hydrogen produced is included in the developed model. Two case studies are provided to verify the developed model, and to validate that thermally compensated electrolyzer models are essential for designing new hydrogen installations as well as for monitoring the performance issues within running installations
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