Abstract
Science, technology and politics agree: hydrogen will be the energy carrier of the future. It will replace fossil fuels based on a sufficient supply from sustainable energy. Since the possibilities of storing and transporting hydrogen play a decisive role here, the so-called LOHC (Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers) can be used as carrier materials. LOHC carrier materials can reversibly absorb hydrogen, store it without loss and release it again when needed. Since little or no pressure is required, normal containers or tanks can be used. The volume or mass-related energy densities can reach around a quarter of liquid fossil fuels.
 This paper is to give an introduction to the field of hydrogen storage and usage of those LOHC, in particular. The developments of the last ten years have been related to the storage and transport of hydrogen with LOHC. These are crucial to meet the future demand for energy carriers e.g. for mobile applications. For this purpose, all transport systems are under consideration as well as the decentralized supply of rural areas with low technological penetration, e.g. regions of Western Africa which are often characterized by a lack of energy supply. Hydrogen bound in LOHC can provide a hazard-free alternative for distribution. The paper provides an overview of the conversion forms as well as the chemical carrier materials. Dibenzyltoluene as well as N-ethylcarbazole - as examples for LOHC - are discussed as well as chemical hydrogen storage materials like ammonia boranes as alternatives to LOHC.
Highlights
Renewable energy sources are important sources of electricity, and the expansion of renewables is one of the central pillars in Germany's energy transition
A sufficient supply of sustainable energy from regenerative sources is decisive for climate protection
Logistical steps are of crucial importance for this conversion of the energy supply
Summary
Renewable energy sources are important sources of electricity, and the expansion of renewables is one of the central pillars in Germany's energy transition. 1,800 kWh per standard cubic meter LOHC (= 1.8 MWh without burning the carrier), or 1,715 kWh per ton LOHC Another example of a suitable process is the catalytic hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of N-ethylcarbazole (C14H13N) or similar compounds (such as N-ethylcarbazole or phenylene carbazole; see figure 5). Information on measured values is not available, but it is estimated that similar, if somewhat lower, volume and mass-related energy densities than with dibenzyltoluene can be achieved with N-ethylcarbazole Another possibility for reversible hydrogen storage is the hydrogenation/ dehydrogenation of toluene C7H8 to methylcylohexane. The reforming and re-reforming (= ADAM & EVA process, canned can process) from methane to hydrogen and vice versa takes place via synthesis gas (= CO/ H2 mixture) according to the equations 3 and 4 In technology, this process is used for energy transport and can be seen as a kind of chemical hydrogen carrier process.
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