Abstract
1. IntroductionA vortex ring (or as it is also called, a dipolar vortex ortoroidal bubble) can be formed by ejecting a puff of smokefrom a mouth of rounded lips. The vortex ring rises upwardwith a smoke-filled core. Two stationary vortex rings appearin the wake of the solid sphere at Reynolds number (Re) equalto eight. The rings progressively increase in size with Re untilthey become unstable and change into a spiral ring. A spherical-cap bubble can change into a vortex ring under certaincircumstances.Isolated vortex rings found applications in the chemicalengineering industry where they can be regarded as efficientmeans of transporting fluids over relatively large distances. Onthe laboratory scale, the vortex rings were found effective inmixing of stratified liquids and in agitating a liquid surface topromote gas absorption. The significant contributions in thisregard derive from the experiments and analyses done byProfessor Baird and his colleagues at the University of Mc-Master (Rao et al.,
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