Hydrodynamic derivation of the Gross–Pitaevskii equation in general Riemannian metric

Abstract

Here we show that the Gross–Pitaevskii equation (GPE) for Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs) admits hydrodynamic interpretation in a general Riemannian metric, and show that in this metric the momentum equation has a new term that is associated with local curvature and density distribution profile. In particular conditions of steady state a new Einstein’s field equation is determined in presence of negative curvature. Since GPE governs BECs defects that are useful, analogue models in cosmology, a relativistic form of GPE is also considered to show connection with models of analogue gravity, thus providing further grounds for future investigations of black hole dynamics in cosmology.