Hydraulic Jump: A Brief History and Research Challenges

Diana De Padova,Michele Mossa

doi:10.3390/w13131733

Abstract

This paper presents a brief history of the hydraulic jump and a literature review on hydraulic jumps’ experimental and numerical studies. Leonardo da Vinci noticed this phenomenon early on, but it was only later studied by Bidone in 1820. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the hydraulic jump has received a lot of attention following the development of energy dissipater designs and stilling basins. The late 1920s and early 1930s saw many experimental studies researching the surface roller profile and energy dissipation. The study of internal flow features started in the late 1950s. Starting in the 70s, it was believed that the flow of a jump must be analyzed in its actual configuration of air–water mixture, an aspect that cannot be overlooked. Several experimental studies in the late 1980s and 1990s highlighted the existence of oscillating phenomena under specific flow conditions and particularly, a cyclic variation of jump types over long-lasting experiments. The early 2000s saw many experimental studies researching the complex structure of the separated region in very large channels downstream of the lateral shockwaves. Whereas most of the experiments provide measurements at a point or on a plane, the complete flow field supplied by CFD simulations enables us to have a deeper understanding of the dynamics of coherent structures that are responsible for free-surface fluctuations and aeration in hydraulic jumps. Therefore, in recent years, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method, through turbulence models, has become a useful tool to study this complex environmental fluid mechanic problem.

Highlights

The jump of Bidone or hydraulic jump was described by Bidone [1] with the following words: “If, when a stream has been established in a rectangular channel . . . the flow of water is totally impeded by lowering a gate in any section of the channel itself, the waters restrained rise immediately up to a certain height against the gate and form an intumescence”
This paper presents a brief history of the hydraulic jump and a literature review on hydraulic jumps’ experimental and numerical studies
Whereas most of the experiments provide measurements at a point or on a plane, the complete flow field supplied by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations enables us to have a deeper understanding of the dynamics of coherent structures that are responsible for freesurface fluctuations and aeration in hydraulic jumps

Summary

Introduction

The jump of Bidone or hydraulic jump was described by Bidone [1] with the following words: “If, when a stream has been established in a rectangular channel . . . the flow of water is totally impeded by lowering a gate in any section of the channel itself, the waters restrained rise immediately up to a certain height against the gate and form an intumescence”. That the water, running out of B and entering channel BG, less inclined but wider, requires to discharge a height BI less than CH: in such a case, it is observed that the water descending through AB does not take its surface CD to join that of DE, but it sinks, as in ED, below level EF; and the water in ED is left hanging, so that the stream surface is maintained at CDEF.”. That the water, running out of B and entering channel BG, less inclined but wider, requires to discharge a height BI less than CH: in such a case, it is observed that the water descen3doifn1g5 through AB does not take its surface CD to join that of DE, but it sinks, as in ED, below level EF; and the water in ED is left hanging, so that the stream surface is maintained at CDEF.”. The dentated sill was introduced by Rehbock [17]

Experimental Studies on the Internal Flow in Hydraulic Jumps

Experimental Studies on the Turbulent Features of Hydraulic Jumps

Experimental Studies on Oscillating Phenomena of Hydraulic Jumps

Research Challenges

Numerical Methods with an Eulerian Approach

Numerical Methods with a Lagrangian Approach