Hybridization of metal-organic frameworks and MXenes: Expanding horizons in supercapacitor applications

Abstract

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and MXenes have gained prominence in the queue of advanced material research. Both materials' outstanding physical and chemical characteristics prominently promote their utilization in diverse fields, especially the electrochemical energy storage (EES) domain. The collective contribution of extremely high specific surface area (SSA), customizable pores, and abundant active sites propose MOFs as integral materials for EES devices. However, conventional MOFs endure low conductivity, constraining their utility in practical applications. The development of hybrid materials via integrating MOFs with various conductive materials stands out as an effective approach to improvising MOF's conductivity. MXenes, formulated as two-dimensional (2D) carbides and nitrides of transition metals, fall in the category of the latest 2D materials. MXenes possess extensive structural diversity, impressive conductivity, and rich surface chemical characteristics. The electrochemical characteristics of MOF@MXene hybrids outperform MOFs and MXenes individually, credited to the synergistic effect of both components. Additionally, the MOF derivatives coupled with MXene, exhibiting unique morphologies, demonstrate outstanding electrochemical performance. The important attributes of MOF@MXene hybrids, including the various synthesis protocols, have been summarized in this review. This review delves into the architectural analysis of both MOFs and MXenes, along with their advanced hybrids. Furthermore, the comprehensive survey of the latest advancements in MOF@MXene hybrids as electroactive material for supercapacitors (SCs) is the prime objective of this review. The review concludes with an elaborate discussion of the current challenges faced and the future outlooks for optimizing MOF@MXene composites.