Hybrid Transactional/Analytical Processing Amplifies IO in LSM-Trees

Abstract

The log-structured merge tree (LSM-tree) has become an essential component in many key-value systems and expanded its scope to full-fledged database engines (e.g., MyRocks). In the database landscape, vendors face growing customer demands for real-time analytic solutions to handle hybrid transactional/analytical processing (HTAP) workloads that pose significant challenges. Among the challenges is IO amplification that drives system designers to rethink write-optimized engines to survive HTAP loads. This paper follows the same philosophy, reexamines LSM-trees used for database systems, and rethinks IO amplification under HTAP loads to shed some light on practical remedies for upcoming challenges. We propose two practical techniques to alleviate IO amplification: 1) <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">aligned compaction</i> for reducing write amplification, 2) <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">snapshot filters</i> for reducing read amplification. The two techniques are lightweight (i.e., near-zero resource consumption) and are compatible with state-of-the-art methods. We integrated our techniques into RocksDB and demonstrated that the modified RocksDB exhibits reduced IO amplification under HTAP workloads with negligible resource consumption.