Abstract
This paper examines the stagnation point flow towards a stretching/shrinking cylinder in a hybrid nanofluid. Here, copper (Cu) and alumina (Al2O3) are considered as the hybrid nanoparticles while water as the base fluid. The governing equations are reduced to the similarity equations using a similarity transformation. The resulting equations are solved numerically using the boundary value problem solver, bvp4c, available in the Matlab software. It is found that the heat transfer rate is greater for the hybrid nanofluid compared to the regular nanofluid as well as the regular fluid. Besides, the non-uniqueness of the solutions is observed for certain physical parameters. It is also noticed that the bifurcation of the solutions occurs in the shrinking regions. In addition, the heat transfer rate and the skin friction coefficients increase in the presence of nanoparticles and for larger Reynolds number. It is found that between the two solutions, only one of them is stable as time evolves.
Highlights
Boundary layer flow caused by the stretching/shrinking surface has been practiced in industrial engineering and manufacturing processes
The volume fractions of Cu are varied from 0 to 0.04 (0 ≤ φ2 ≤ 0.04), while the volume fraction of Al2O3 is kept fixed at φ1 = 0.04 and water as the base fluid
The results were obtained through the bvp4c solver in Matlab software
Summary
Boundary layer flow caused by the stretching/shrinking surface has been practiced in industrial engineering and manufacturing processes. There is a limited reference on the flow over a shrinking cylinder in the literature In this respect, Lok and Pop[12] investigated this problem by considering the stagnation point flow and suction effects. Devi and Devi[28,29] started to examine the advantages of utilizing hybrid nanofluid over a stretching surface They found that the heat transfer rate was intensified in the presence of the hybrid nanoparticles. Waini et al.[31] examined the stability of the multiple solutions of the flow over a stretching/shrinking surface in a fluid containing hybrid nanoparticles. They discovered that only one of the solutions is stable and physically reliable as time evolves. Copper (Cu) and alumina (Al2O3) are considered as the hybrid nanoparticles, while water as the base fluid
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