Abstract
Hybrid metal ion batteries are perceived as competitive alternatives to lithium ion batteries because they provide better balance between energy/power density, battery cost, and environmental requirements. However, their cycling stability and high-temperature storage performance are still far from the desired. Herein, we first examine the temperature-induced reactivity of three-layered oxide, P3-Na2/3Ni1/3Mg1/6Mn1/2O2, toward lithium ionic liquid electrolyte upon cycling in hybrid Li/Na ion cells. Through ex situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses, the structural and surface changes in P3-Na2/3Ni1/3Mg1/6Mn1/2O2 are monitored and discussed. Understanding the relevant changes occurring during dual Li+ and Na+ intercalation into P3-Na2/3Ni1/3Mg1/6Mn1/2O2 is of crucial importance to enhance the overall performance of hybrid Li/Na ion batteries at elevated temperatures.
Highlights
Nowadays, hybrid metal ion batteries (HMIBs) are perceived as competitive alternatives to lithium ion batteries (LiIBs) because they provide better balance between energy/power density, battery cost, and environmental requirements (Yao et al, 2016; Whittingham et al, 2018; Stoyanova et al, 2019)
We first examine the temperature-induced reactivity of three-layered oxide, P3-Na2/3Ni1/3Mg1/6Mn1/2O2, toward lithium ionic liquid (IL) electrolyte upon cycling in hybrid Li/Na ion cells
The lithium storage capacity in P3-Na2/3Ni1/3Mg1/6Mn1/2O2 is determined in hybrid Li/Na cell using carbonate- and ILcontaining electrolyte (Figure 1)
Summary
Hybrid metal ion batteries (HMIBs) are perceived as competitive alternatives to lithium ion batteries (LiIBs) because they provide better balance between energy/power density, battery cost, and environmental requirements (Yao et al, 2016; Whittingham et al, 2018; Stoyanova et al, 2019). It has been found that this type of HIMBs displays undesired performance in terms of low capacity and limited electrochemical window (Cheng et al, 2016) These drawbacks can be overcome by elaboration of electrode materials with specific structure and composition, which ensure the intercalation of both charge carriers (Cho et al, 2014; Stoyanova et al, 2019). The cationic redistribution process between layers has been established for Mg-substituted P3NaxNi1/2Mn1/2O2 when used as an electrode in Na-ion cells (Kalapsazova et al, 2020) This process occurring during Na+ extraction is intensified at elevated temperatures and, contrary to the lithium-containing oxides, has a positive impact on the cycling stability (Kalapsazova et al, 2020). Understanding the relevant changes occurring during dual Li+ and Na+ intercalation into P3-Na2/3Ni1/3Mg1/6Mn1/2O2 is of crucial importance to enhance the overall performance of hybrid Li/Na ion batteries at elevated temperatures
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