Abstract
The Internet of Things (IoT) is playing a significant role in realizing real monitoring. In fire safety and evacuation, early fire event detection using IoT-enabled sensors may help to control and minimize further consequences of the fire accident. In this study, we propose a hybrid architecture based on 2.4 GHz Zigbee and long-range (LoRa) for real-time fire detection, monitoring, and assisting in the safe evacuation of the building. The architecture comprises five different components, namely: end device, evacuation path display controller, safety operation controller, vision node, and gateway. The end device and vision node provide real-time sensory data and visuals that provide details of fire occurrence. The evacuation path display controller and the safety operation controller based on the 2.4 GHz Zigbee receive data from the end device and make the decision accordingly. In addition, a Zigbee simulation is performed on the OPNET simulator to analyze the network parameters such as throughput, retransmission attempts, medium access (MAC) queue size and queue delay, and packet delivery ratio (PDR). The evaluation metrics of link budget and ToA of LoRa are also calculated by varying the code rate and spreading factor. To realize the proposed architecture, customization of hardware is carried out with the development of hardware prototypes. Dijkstra’s shortest path algorithm is implemented in the evacuation path display controller to provide the shortest evacuation path during a fire incident. The hardware of the system is implemented in real-time, and the system provides real-time sensor data along with the evacuation path.
Highlights
The global population is increasing rapidly, and it is estimated that twothirds of the global population will be residing in urban areas by 2050
A real-time evaluation system along with a safe evacuation route was provided through the integration of a wireless sensor network (WSN) and radio identification (RFID) [30]
We deployed the end device in the outdoor environment to sense the parameters of smoke, flame, gas, and temperature
Summary
The global population is increasing rapidly, and it is estimated that twothirds of the global population will be residing in urban areas by 2050. It is recommended to utilize a low power consumption-based wireless communication system for implementing real-time monitoring. Zigbee [16] and LoRa communication provide reliable data transmission with low power consumption. With the motivation of implementing a real-time monitoring system with advanced infrastructure, in this study we propose a real-time monitoring-based hybrid architecture for fire safety and evacuation paths in buildings. The hybrid architecture integrates multiple systems such as a real-time vision-node for people estimation and smoke detection, an evacuation path display with the shortest algorithm, real-time monitoring of the building-related fire on the cloud server, and control of the water sprinklers through real-time sensor data. Customized hardware is realized for real-time implementation with 2.4 GHz Zigbee and 433 MHz LoRa communication with a node mapping feature.
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