Abstract
The most common type of humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament (HAGL) is a purely ligamentous avulsion involving the anterior inferior glenohumeral ligament (IGHL), but other variants are seen, including posterior lesions and those with an osseous avulsion. A central lesion between the intact anterior and posterior bands of the IGHL is gaining recognition as a distinct clinical entity. HAGL lesions are most commonly seen in patients with anterior instability without a Bankart tear or in those with persistent symptoms despite having undergone a Bankart repair. Magnetic resonance imaging is the most sensitive imaging modality. An arthrogram is helpful with subacute and chronic lesions when the joint is not distended. Arthroscopy is the gold standard for diagnosis. While some have reported success with nonoperative management, surgical repair with either arthroscopic or open techniques has provided a high rate of successful outcomes; however, the literature is limited to mostly Level-IV and V evidence.
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