Human trafficking among Ethiopian returnees: its magnitude and risk factors

Lemma Derseh Gezie,Alemayehu Worku Yalew,Yigzaw Kebede Gete

doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6395-z

Lemma Derseh Gezie, Alemayehu Worku Yalew + Show 1 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6395-z

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Abstract

BackgroundHuman trafficking was affecting a number of individuals in Ethiopia that resulted in various health problems and human right violations. Though the pushing and pulling factors of human trafficking were identified qualitatively, their effect on trafficking status were not measured quantitatively; the magnitude of human trafficking among returnees was not also quantified.MethodsPrimary data were collected from 1342 Ethiopian returning migrants from abroad via Metemma-Yohannes, Moyale, and Galafi border towns from May to October 2016 consecutively. The status of each returnee as trafficked or non-trafficked was determined based on the UN 2000 definition of human trafficking. Factor analyses were conducted on the push and pull factors of migration to identify the underlying constructs. Considering the common underlying concept of items that load on the push and pull factors, the newly emerged construct variables were named in consultation with sociologists before used as independent variables. Finally, the effect of these and other variables on trafficking status were measured using generalized estimation equation.ResultThe magnitude of human trafficking among returning migrants was estimated at 50.89% (95%CI: 0.4822–0.5357). The odds of being trafficked was positively associated with female sex (AOR = 1.55, 95%CI: 1.10–2.17), low household wealth quintile (AOR = 2.55, 95%CI: 1.46–4.44), being smuggled at departure (AOR = 4.48, 95%CI: 3.19–6.29), strong desire for successful oversea life (AOR = 3.98, 95%CI: 2.63–6.02), high level of risk-opportunity imbalance before departure (AOR = 6.10, 95%CI: 4.01–9.30), and strong feeling of hopelessness at success in home-country (AOR = 8.64, 95%CI: 5.62–13.30).ConclusionHalf of the returned Ethiopian migrants were trafficked. Sex, household wealth quintile, smuggling status, exposure to seductive information about oversea life, risk-opportunity imbalance before departure, and feeling hopelessness for success at home were among the factors associated with human trafficking.

Highlights

Human trafficking was affecting a number of individuals in Ethiopia that resulted in various health problems and human right violations
Household wealth quintile, smuggling status, exposure to seductive information about oversea life, risk-opportunity imbalance before departure, and feeling hopelessness for success at home were among the factors associated with human trafficking
The odds of being trafficked for returnees who felt strongly hopeless at success in home-country were about 9-fold (AOR = 8.64, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 5.62–13.30) more than that of returnees who felt it at a low level (Table 3)

Summary

Introduction

Human trafficking was affecting a number of individuals in Ethiopia that resulted in various health problems and human right violations. Human trafficking is currently catching the attention of most governments and internal organizations because of its severe health consequences and subsequent social crisis. It involves the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons usually by force, coercion, or deception for the purpose of exploitation. Trafficking in Ethiopia mostly takes the form of transporting migrants by deception, coercion, and making them susceptible to different forms of exploitation [3]. The 2014 United States report on human trafficking indicated that the number of trafficked and smuggled Ethiopians each day was twice the number of individuals who left the country legally [4]

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