Abstract

Purpose: Cartilage heals poorly after injury and no effective disease-modifying drugs are currently available to prevent posttraumatic osteoarthritis (OA). Therefore, regenerative therapies, including mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are often used clinically to promote healing. However, the mechanisms underlying the positive effects of cell therapies are unclear, and the most effective strategies to stimulate repair of orthopedic tissues have yet to be determined. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small, membrane-bound structures derived from many cell types, and are known to play critical roles in cell-cell communication.

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