Human epididymis protein 4: Analysis of national health and nutrition examination survey data

Abstract

BackgroundHuman epididymis protein 4 (HE4) is a tumor marker overexpressed in ovarian cancer and is commonly utilized to aid with diagnosis of an adnexal mass. HE4 levels vary based on pregnancy, age, menopausal status, and tobacco use. Objective(s)The objective of this study was to evaluate population-based data to examine factors that affect HE4 among adult women in the United States and stratify levels of HE4 by demographic and gynecologic factors. Study designA retrospective analysis was conducted using data from 2,480 women aged 20 + who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2001–2002). From these cross-sectional data, serum HE4 and cotinine, a marker of tobacco exposure, were combined with demographic and interview data. Estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) were based on serum creatinine, age, sex, and race. Other variables of interest included menopausal status, pregnancy, and various gynecologic factors. Summary HE4 data are provided as geometric means with associated 95 % confidence intervals. ResultsHE4 levels were independently associated with age, renal function, and nicotine use, all p < 0.001. Pre-menopausal women with a history of endometriosis were found to have elevated HE4 levels compared to those without, p < 0.01; however, we found no such difference among post-menopausal women. Adjusting for age, no differences in HE4 were found based on race/ethnicity, p = 0.29. HE4 levels showed statistically significant associations with income level; however, these were small and clinically irrelevant. ConclusionThis study provides evaluation of HE4 levels among a data set representative of 98.5 million non-institutionalized women in the United States and gives insight into extraneous factors that may influence these levels.