Human continuous glucose monitors for measurement of glucose in dairy cows

Abstract

If validated for use in dairy cattle, interstitial continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) could be easily implemented, informative tools for research, clinical, and perhaps even on-farm applications. To evaluate their efficacy, 2 experiments were conducted, during which lactating Holstein cows were fit with indwelling jugular catheters, as well as FreeStyle Libre (FSL; Abbott) and Dexcom G6 (DexCom Inc.) CGMs secured either behind their polls, lateral to their ears, or beneath their pin bones on their upper rear legs. During the first experiment, blood (measured with a handheld glucometer) and interstitial glucose measurements were collected from 13 cows every 4 h for 96 h. In the second experiment, the same measurements were collected from 8 cows every 15 min for 6 h. At the mid-point of the sampling period (3 h), cows received a bolus dose of dextrose to facilitate comparisons across a broad range of glucose concentrations. Results from both experiments determined that functional longevity of the sensors was greatest for those sensors secured near the ear. Likewise, interstitial measurements from the ear sensors were most closely correlated with blood glucose concentrations (r = 0.82 and r = 0.71 for FSL ear and Dexcom G6 ear, respectively). Unfortunately, accuracy calculated as absolute relative error was low, at 60.7% or less. As a result of the low accuracy, even though both ear sensors detected an increase in glucose concentrations following the bolus dose, neither produced results exactly matching blood glucose measurements. The results of this work indicate that the FSL and Dexcom G6 CGMs are not currently capable of replacing blood-based glucose measurements.