Abstract
The creation and improvement of non-invasive closed-loop brain stimulation technologies represent an exciting and rapidly expanding field of neuroscience. To identify the appropriate way to close the feedback loop in adaptive neurostimulation procedures, it was previously proposed to use on-line automatic sensory stimulation with the parameters modulated by the patient’s own rhythmical processes, such as respiratory rate, heart rate, and electroencephalogram (EEG) rhythms. The current paper aims to analyze several recent studies demonstrating further development in this line of research. The advantages of using automatic closed-loop feedback from human endogenous rhythms in non-invasive adaptive neurostimulation procedures have been demonstrated for relaxation assistance, for the correction of stress-induced functional disturbances, for anxiety management, and for the cognitive rehabilitation of an individual. Several distinctive features of the approach are noted to delineate its further development.
Highlights
Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques, including transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, and various kinds of sensory stimulation, are successfully used as therapeutic tools in psychiatry and neurology and are applied in cognitive neuroscience to study the functioning of the brain [1]
Non-invasive brain stimulation is increasingly used as a clinical intervention for neuropsychiatric disorders [2,3] as a method to understand the neural mechanisms underlying cognition [4] and as the tool to enhance cognitive rehabilitation after stroke [5]
The combination of transcranial magnetic stimulation with electroencephalography allows for non-invasive investigation of cortical response and connectivity in the human cortex and can be used to study changes in cortical connectivity and signal propagation from healthy to pathological brains [7]
Summary
Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques, including transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, and various kinds of sensory stimulation, are successfully used as therapeutic tools in psychiatry and neurology and are applied in cognitive neuroscience to study the functioning of the brain [1]. The combination of transcranial magnetic stimulation with electroencephalography allows for non-invasive investigation of cortical response and connectivity in the human cortex and can be used to study changes in cortical connectivity and signal propagation from healthy to pathological brains [7]. The first generation of brain stimulation systems used an open loop fashion where stimulation parameters (e.g., amplitude, duration, and frequency) remain fixed over time and are not responsive to any real-time physiologic variables [8]. Open-loop stimulation may fail to restore the desired function or cause side effects [9]
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