Hubble Diagram Test of Expanding and Static Cosmological Models: The Case for a Slowly Expanding Flat Universe

Laszlo A Marosi

doi:10.1155/2013/917104

Abstract

We present a new redshift (RS) versus photon travel time () test including 171 supernovae RS data points. We extended the Hubble diagram to a range of z = 0,0141–8.1 in the hope that at high RSs, the fitting of the calculated RS/ diagrams to the observed RS data would, as predicted by different cosmological models, set constraints on alternative cosmological models. The Lambda cold dark matter (ΛCDM), the static universe model, and the case for a slowly expanding flat universe (SEU) are considered. We show that on the basis of the Hubble diagram test, the static and the slowly expanding models are favored.

Highlights

The basic premise of the big bang theory is that the universe is expanding
Since one cannot measure the supposed universal expansion experimentally, different tests based on observational data have been proposed [2,3,4] to provide evidence for the expansion hypothesis. (i) The Tolman surface brightness test [5], (ii) the time dilation test, (iii) the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature as a function of the RS test, (iv) the apparent magnitude versus distance test, and (v) the angular size versus RS test were proposed as possible observational evidence for the expanding space supposition
On the assumption that expansion is governed by the gravitational attraction of the observable mass density ρM,obs. against the outward impulse of motion, the solution of the field equation (k = 0; Λ = 0) leads to Surprisingly, this simple model that naturally follows from the Einstein equation and from the observable mass density was not considered in the literature as a possible alternative to the static and the big bang models at all, when it is compared with the ΛCDM and static universe models, its advantages is obvious

Summary

Introduction

The basic premise of the big bang theory is that the universe is expanding. The velocity of expansion can be expressed by the linear relationship v = cz = H0DC, where c is the velocity of light, z is the redshift (RS), DC is the comoving proper distance of the emitting object, and H0 is the Hubble constant [1]. Since one cannot measure the supposed universal expansion experimentally, different tests based on observational data have been proposed [2,3,4] to provide evidence for the expansion hypothesis. (i) The Tolman surface brightness test [5], (ii) the time dilation test, (iii) the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature as a function of the RS test, (iv) the apparent magnitude versus distance test, and (v) the angular size versus RS test were proposed as possible observational evidence for the expanding space supposition. Lopez-Corredoira [6] critically reviewed the results of these tests and concluded that on the basis of previous tests, convincing evidence for the cosmic expansion hypothesis is still lacking. Relationship, an effect which is only slightly perceptible in the z < 1 region

Data Collection

Results

The Slowly Expanding Universe

The Redshift Problem

Conclusions