Abstract
Experimental experience points to the natural hormone 17β-estradiol as a carcinogen in animals. The administration of estradiol to mice and rats will, among others, increase the incidence of mammary and pituitary tumors [ 1 International Agency for Research on Cancer, In: Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, Lyon, France: IARC, Suppl 7, 1987. pp. 280–85. Google Scholar , 2 Inoh A. Kamiya K. Fujii Y. Yokoro K. Protective effects of progesterone and tamoxifen in estrogen-induced mammary carcinogenesis in ovariectomized W/Fu rats. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 1985; 76: 699-704 PubMed Google Scholar ]. Such tumor models have been developed using pharmacological doses of estradiol such as to examine the tumorigenic activity of this hormone in a relatively short period of time. However, no animal models have been developed in which tumors are induced by very low doses of estradiol, presumably because of difficulties in long-term maintenance and dosing in view of the varying endogenous levels in cycling females. Therefore, the predictive value of carcinogenicity testing at high doses has been questioned [ [3] Gold L.S. Slone T.H. Stern B.R. Manley N.B. Ames B.N. Rodent carcinogens: setting priorities. Cience. 1982; 258: 261-265 Google Scholar ].
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