Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of multivariate techniques to predict antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of the selected lichens from the chromatographic data. A simple and reproducible HPLC-DAD technique has been used to obtain the chromatographic fingerprint profiles. Reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) linear gradient system with methanol, water and phosphoric acid (V) (pH 2.3) as the mobile phase was used (50 min). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) has been applied to the evaluation of the phytochemical similarity between studied samples, especially between the same species collected in various places of Poland (Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach., CI, Cladina mitis Sandst., CM, Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl., HP). The ability to scavenge free radicals was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods and the total phenolic content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu (F-C) test. In the case of DPPH % of inhibition was higher for selected species (Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf, H. physodes in comparison to the literature data. The FRAP test showed that the H. physodes extract had higher ability to scavenge free radical in comparison to Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrader and Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach., whereas P. furfuracea extract showed higher ability than C. islandica. The high content of phenolics in P. furfuracea and H. physodes confirms their high antioxidant activity. The cytotoxic activity of studied extracts was tested by cell culture method using the human HL-60 / MX2 acute CKL-22 (CRL-2257) promyelocytic leukemia tumor cell line. The lowest values of IC50 [µg∙mL−1] were obtained for: H. physodes (HP1)—99.4; C. digitate—122.6; H. physodes (HP)—136.5, C. subulata—142.6; C. mitis—180.2.
Highlights
Lichens are defined as composite organisms, formed by the symbiotic relationship between fungus and a green algae as photosynthetic partner.They inhabit most ecosystems [1,2,3] and various specific living conditions of their existence, such as slow growth and long life which are the reason for the production of numerous protective compounds against various physical and biological influences [4]
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the ability of multivariate techniques to predict the antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the methanolic extracts of selected lichens (Table 1) from their fingerprint chromatograms
reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-High Performance Liquid Chromatograpy (HPLC)) system was used for the first time with a gradient of methanol and water acidified with phosphoric acid (V) for 50 min
Summary
Lichens are defined as composite organisms, formed by the symbiotic relationship between fungus (mycobiont) and a green algae (and/or cyanobacteria) as photosynthetic partner (photobiont). They inhabit most ecosystems [1,2,3] and various specific (even extreme) living conditions of their existence, such as slow growth and long life which are the reason for the production of numerous protective compounds against various physical and biological influences [4]. Lichen primary metabolites include proteins, amino acids, carotenoids, polysaccharides, and vitamins. They are Molecules 2020, 25, 4301; doi:10.3390/molecules25184301 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules. Secondary metabolites commonly known as lichen acids have diverse biological properties such as the antimicrobial, antibacterial, cytotoxic, antioxidant, antiviral, and antifungal activities [1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13]
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