How to control nasty scarabs? Effectiveness of the generalist entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum against garden chafer larvae

Abstract

Several scarab beetles (Scarabaeidae) cause major damage in agriculture, horticulture, and forestry. Especially root feeding scarab larvae cause substantial economic losses on crops, forage plants and recreational areas. In Europe, the entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) Beauveria brongniartii and Metarhizium brunneum are applied against the most problematic, native scarabs, the common cockchafer (Melolontha melolontha) and the garden chafer (Phyllopertha horticola). While the control of cockchafer larvae with B. brongniartii is well-researched, conclusive results from field applications for the control of the garden chafer with M. brunneum remain elusive. We therefore assessed the performance of commercially available fungal strains of M. brunneum against garden chafer larvae in pot and large-scale field experiments.The application of M. brunneum significantly increased the abundance of fungal propagules in the soil by approximately a factor of ten, irrespective of high levels of naturally occurring Metarhizium spp. Furthermore, the applied strains infected and propagated on the larvae and the mortality of garden chafer larvae was slightly increased due to the fungal treatments. We found three other EPF species frequently infecting garden chafer larvae (mean infection rates: 13–25%), including B. brongniartii which is considered to be a specific pathogen of the cockchafer. Thus, the applied fungal strains were only part of a consortium of natural enemies which reduces garden chafer populations strongly as a whole. Hence, we suggest that the application of EPF may be advisable on areas with reduced natural enemies such as golf courses but is probably redundant on meadows harboring a diverse consortium of antagonists.