How the Hodgkin–Huxley equations inspired the Cardiac Physiome Project

Abstract

Early modelling of cardiac cells (1960-1980) was based on extensions of the Hodgkin-Huxley nerve axon equations with additional channels incorporated, but after 1980 it became clear that processes other than ion channel gating were also critical in generating electrical activity. This article reviews the development of models representing almost all cell types in the heart, many different species, and the software tools that have been created to facilitate the cardiac Physiome Project.