How the Hawking radiation affect quantum Fisher information of Dirac particles in the background of a Schwarzschild black hole

Abstract

In this work, the effect of Hawking radiation on the quantum Fisher information (QFI) of Dirac particles is investigated in the background of a Schwarzschild black hole. Interestingly, it has been verified that the QFI with respect to the weight parameter $$\theta $$ of a target state is always independent of the Hawking temperature T. This implies that if we encode the information on the weight parameter, then we can affirm that the corresponding accuracy of the parameter estimation will be immune to the Hawking effect. Besides, it reveals that the QFI with respect to the phase parameter $$\phi $$ exhibits a decay behavior with the increase in the Hawking temperature T and converges to a nonzero value in the limit of infinite Hawking temperature T. Remarkably, it turns out that the function $$F_\phi $$ on $$\theta =\pi \big /4$$ symmetry was broken by the influence of the Hawking radiation. Finally, we generalize the case of a three-qubit system to a case of a N-qubit system, i.e., $$|\psi \rangle _{1,2,3,\ldots ,N} =(\cos \theta | 0 \rangle ^{\otimes N}+\sin \theta \mathrm{e}^{i\phi }| 1 \rangle ^{\otimes N})$$ and obtain an interesting result: the number of particles in the initial state does not affect the QFI $$F_\theta $$ , nor the QFI $$F_\phi $$ . However, with the increasing number of particles located near the event horizon, $$F_\phi $$ will be affected by Hawking radiation to a large extent, while $$F_\theta $$ is still free from disturbance resulting from the Hawking effects.