Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death around the globe. Cardiac deterioration is associated with irreversible cardiomyocyte loss. Understanding how the cardiovascular system develops and the pathological processes of cardiac disease will contribute to finding novel and preventive therapeutic methods. The canonical Hippo tumor suppressor pathway in mammalian cells is primarily composed of the MST1/2-SAV1-LATS1/2-MOB1-YAP/TAZ cascade. Continuing research on this pathway has identified other factors like RASSF1A, Nf2, MAP4Ks, and NDR1/2, further enriching our knowledge of the Hippo-YAP pathway. YAP, the core effecter of the Hippo pathway, may accumulate in the nucleus and initiate transcriptional activity if the pathway is inhibited. The role of Hippo signaling has been widely investigated in organ development and cancers. A heart of normal size and function which is critical for survival could not be generated without the proper regulation of the Hippo tumor suppressor pathway. Recent research has demonstrated a novel role of Hippo signaling in cardiovascular disease in the context of development, hypertrophy, angiogenesis, regeneration, apoptosis, and autophagy. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of how Hippo signaling modulates pathological processes in cardiovascular disease and discuss potential molecular therapeutic targets.
Highlights
Heart disease continues to be the main risk of death in both developed and developing countries
The Hippo signaling pathway primarily consists of the MST1/2-SAV1-LATS1/2-MOB1-YAP/TAZ cascade, known to regulate multiple organ development and diseases [3, 4]
The purpose of this review is to summarize the current findings of Journal of Immunology Research the Hippo signaling cascade in cardiac development, apoptosis, hypertrophy, autophagy, angiogenesis, and cardiomyocyte regeneration
Summary
Heart disease continues to be the main risk of death in both developed and developing countries. Due to the massive cell loss and the limited potential of cardiomyocyte proliferation in heart diseases, optimization of cardiac regeneration treatments remains challenging. The Hippo signaling pathway primarily consists of the MST1/2-SAV1-LATS1/2-MOB1-YAP/TAZ cascade, known to regulate multiple organ development and diseases [3, 4]. YAP dephosphorylation leads to its inactivation, followed by cytoplasmic retention when the Hippo pathway is “switched on.”. The Hippo pathway participates in diverse physiological and pathological processes in the heart spanning heart development, apoptosis, hypertrophy, autophagy, angiogenesis, and cardiomyocyte regeneration [7]. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current findings of Journal of Immunology Research the Hippo signaling cascade in cardiac development, apoptosis, hypertrophy, autophagy, angiogenesis, and cardiomyocyte regeneration. We will explore novel therapeutic approaches in the field
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