How Harmful is Contralateral Testicular Biopsy?—An Analysis of Serial Imaging Studies and a Prospective Evaluation of Surgical Complications

Abstract

Objective: Testicular biopsy has recently gained a role in early detection of testicular cancer. However, its use is still limited mainly because of the fear of untoward consequences. There is a paucity of data regarding unfavourable effects of testicular biopsy. Therefore, we systematically looked to the consequences of the procedure by using clinical observational methods and by modern imaging techniques, respectively. Patients, methods: 1874 patients with testicular cancer enrolled in a nation-wide contralateral biopsy study were prospectively analyzed in regard to surgical complications. Serial scrotal imaging was performed by scrotal sonography (7.5 Mhz) in 55 patients and by magnetic resonance tomography (1.5 Tesla machine, surface coil, contrast media) in 60 patients, respectively. Imaging examinations were done preoperatively and again at 1 week, 6 months, 12 months, and 18 months respectively. Imaging results were tabulated according to an abnormality score and analyzed by descriptive statistics. Results: 52 patients (2.78%; 95% confidence intervals 2.05–3.60) experienced surgical complications. Forty minor complications were managed conservatively. Twelve patients (0.64%) required repeat surgery; 1 testicle was ultimately lost following a sequence of unfortunate events. No pre-existing clinical parameter was associated with complications. One week after surgery, abnormalities were detected in 33% by sonography and in 45% by MRI, respectively. Importantly, the abnormalities resolved in 96% of the cases, as found in both of the imaging modalities in the serial scans. Conclusions: Testicular biopsy is associated with a low burden of clinically significant complications. However, scrotal imaging discloses intratesticular abnormalities in a high proportion of cases one week after the biopsy. These changes represent focal haematoma, oedema or circumscript injury to vascular supply. Most of these lesions resolve with time and are thus not significant, clinically. Evidently, testicular biopsy is a safe procedure provided the vascular anatomy of the testis is respected upon surgery.