Abstract
The dynamics and structure of nonequilibrium liquids, driven by non-conservative forces which can be either external or internal, generically hold the signature of the net dissipation of energy in the thermostat. Yet, disentangling precisely how dissipation changes collective effects remains challenging in many-body systems due to the complex interplay between driving and particle interactions. First, we combine explicit coarse-graining and stochastic calculus to obtain simple relations between diffusion, density correlations and dissipation in nonequilibrium liquids. Based on these results, we consider large-deviation biased ensembles where trajectories mimic the effect of an external drive. The choice of the biasing function is informed by the connection between dissipation and structure derived in the first part. Using analytical and computational techniques, we show that biasing trajectories effectively renormalizes interactions in a controlled manner, thus providing intuition on how driving forces can lead to spatial organization and collective dynamics. Altogether, our results show how tuning dissipation provides a route to alter the structure and dynamics of liquids and soft materials.
Highlights
Nonequilibrium forces can drive novel and specific pathways to modulate phase transitions and self-assembly in materials
This result opens the door to estimating dissipation directly from the liquid structure, in contrast to previous approaches based either on perturbing the system [54,55,56,57,58] or on analyzing trajectories and currents in phase space [3,59,60,61,62]. We illustrate this result with numerical simulations for which dissipation is quantified by the deviation from equilibrium tracer-bath correlations. Using these results as a basis, we show how various aspects of the pair correlation function of a nonequilibrium liquid are effectively constrained by the energy dissipation
To provide concrete intuition for how particular configurations can be stabilized by nonequilibrium forces, we investigate in Sec
Summary
Nonequilibrium forces can drive novel and specific pathways to modulate phase transitions and self-assembly in materials. We demonstrate that this result holds both for fluids in which a fraction of the particles are driven by a fixed external drive and for fluids in which either a fraction of the liquid or the entire liquid is driven by an internal noise, analogous to the driving used in model active matter systems This result opens the door to estimating dissipation directly from the liquid structure, in contrast to previous approaches based either on perturbing the system [54,55,56,57,58] or on analyzing trajectories and currents in phase space [3,59,60,61,62]. Our results lay the groundwork for precise control of the emerging structure and collective dynamics in many-body diffusive nonequilibrium systems
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