Abstract

The fight and flight theory and the tend-and-befriend theory suggest two opposite behavioral stress responses, and heterogeneous research results revealed the importance of taking sex into account. The experiment was designed to investigate the effect of stress-related cortisol reactivity on subsequent prosocial decision-making behaviors, and the moderating role of sex and empathic concern (EC) in the process. Sixty-one healthy students (34 women, 27 men) underwent the Trier Social Stress Test for Groups (TSST-G) or the control condition. Subsequently, participants completed three economic tasks—the dictator game, the ultimatum game, and the third-party compensation game. Statistical analyses revealed a significant main effect of cortisol reactivity on individuals’ third-party compensation behaviorssex. A sex-specific effect of stress-related cortisol change on prosocial behaviors was found, with men behaving more generously in the dictator game as stress-related cortisol reactivity increased. Furthermore, the level of EC was found to moderate the association between stress-related cortisol change and prosocial behaviors, that individuals with a low level of EC reported more generosity and third-party compensation behaviors. Overall, the present study contributes to a better understanding of the behavioral stress responses, that individuals whose hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are highly activated in response to stress would exhibit tend-and-befriend responses, but only among men and those with a low level of EC.

Highlights

  • When faced with a stressful situation, the human body will adjust itself to maintain stability, which is defined as allostasis (McEwen, 1998)

  • The second aim was to examine the moderating role of empathic concern (EC) in the association between the stress-induced cortisol and prosocial decision-making behaviors immediately after stress, and we hypothesized that stress and stress-related cortisol elevation were more predictive on decision-making behavior at a low level of EC rather than on the high level of EC

  • We found that men in the stress group showed more 3PC behaviors compared in the control group, and the magnitude of cortisol secretion successfully predicted men’s generosity and 3PC behaviors

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Summary

Introduction

When faced with a stressful situation, the human body will adjust itself to maintain stability, which is defined as allostasis (McEwen, 1998). While accumulating evidence have supported the tend-and-befriend theory among women (Tomova et al, 2014; von Dawans et al, 2019), Geary and Flinn (2002) argued that the nature of parental investment rooted in both genders, and befriending could be a consequence of men’s fight-or-flight response to stress Some studies supported their perspective that tend-and-befriend theory is not exclusive to women, and stressed men exhibited prosocial or affiliative behaviors (Youssef et al, 2012; von Dawans et al, 2012; Margittai et al, 2015; Berger et al, 2016). An alternative theory suggested that it is a universal pattern that individuals engage in prosocial behaviors to mitigate the negative effects due to stress and maintain the mental health (Aknin et al, 2013; Raposa et al, 2016)

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