Abstract
BackgroundLarge amounts of expired and unused medications accumulate in households. This potentially exposes the public to hazards due to uncontrolled use of medications. Most of the expired or unused medications that accumulate in households (household medical waste) is thrown to the garbage or flushed down to the sewage, potentially contaminating waste-water, water resources and even drinking water. There is evidence that pharmaceutical active ingredients reach the environment, including food, however the risk to public health from low level exposure to pharmaceuticals in the environment is currently unknown. In Israel, there is no legislation regarding household medical waste collection and disposal. Furthermore, only less than 14 % of Israelis return unused medications to Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) pharmacies.MethodsIn this study, we investigated world-wide approaches and programs for household medical waste collection and disposal.ResultsIn many countries around the world there are programs for household medical waste collection. In many countries there is legislation to address the issue of household medical waste, and this waste is collected in hospitals, clinics, law enforcement agencies and pharmacies. Furthermore, in many countries, medication producers and pharmacies pay for the collection and destruction of household medical waste, following the “polluter pays” principle.ConclusionsSeveral approaches and methods should be considered in Israel: (a) legislation and regulation to enable a variety of institutes to collect household medical waste (b) implementing the “polluter pays” principle and enforcing medical products manufactures to pay for the collection and destruction of household medical waste. (c) Raising awareness of patients, pharmacists, and other medical health providers regarding the health and environmental risks in accumulation of drugs and throwing them to the garbage, sink or toilet. (d) Adding specific instructions regarding disposal of the drug, in the medication label and leaflet. (e) Examining incentives for returning medications to pharmacies. (f) Examining drug collection from deceased in retirement homes and hospitals.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13584-016-0108-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Highlights
Significant developments in the drug industry, in addition to the improved access of a variety of populations to western medications have contributed to the increase in medication consumption all over the world [1, 2]
Accumulation of medications in private homes exposes the public to medical hazards: accumulation of medications increases the chance of uncontrolled use of the medication and subsequent poisoning
Throwing household medical waste to the garbage or to the sewage can cause environmental hazards that may have implications on the public health: some of the medications consist of stable ingredients that may accumulate in the environment and are barely removed in wastewater treatment plants [7]
Summary
In many countries around the world there are programs for household medical waste collection. In many countries there is legislation to address the issue of household medical waste, and this waste is collected in hospitals, clinics, law enforcement agencies and pharmacies. In many countries, medication producers and pharmacies pay for the collection and destruction of household medical waste, following the “polluter pays” principle
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