Abstract
Aedes aegypti is the main vector of the dengue virus in Colombia. Some factors have been associated with its presence; however, in the local context, it has not been sufficiently evaluated. The present study seeks to identify the socioeconomic, environmental, and behavioral factors associated with the presence and abundance of A. aegypti in urban dwellings in the municipality of Castilla la Nueva. A cross-sectional cohort study was conducted in houses in the urban area of the municipality of Castilla la Nueva, where 307 houses were sampled by systematic random sampling during May 2018. A multifactorial survey was used to measure the socioeconomic, environmental, and behavioral factors as explanatory variables. The infestation and relative abundance were established by the presence of larval stages and ovitraps. The associated factors for the presence and abundance of A. aegypti were identified using negative binomial and logistic regression models. A positive housing infestation of 33.2% was identified by direct inspection and 78.5% with ovitraps. The main factors positively associated with the presence and abundance of A. aegypti were one-story homes (PR = 2.26; 95% CI: 1.31–3.87), the storage of water for domestic use (PR = 1.91; 95% CI: 1.18–3.09), and local conditions such as disorganized backyard (PR = 79.95; 95% CI: 10.96–583.24) and the proportion of shade greater than 50% of the backyard (PR = 62.32; 95% CI: 6.47–600.32). And, it is negatively associated with residential gas service (PR = 0.3; 95% CI: 0.16–0.58) and self-administered internal fumigation (PR = 0.37; 95% CI: 0.2–0.69). The presence and abundance of A. aegypti were explained by interrelated socioeconomic, environmental, and behavioral factors where local conditions and habits such as the organization of the patio, knowledge about vector biology, and cleaning containers are identified as main topics for future prevention strategies for the transmission of dengue in the local and national context.
Highlights
Aedes aegypti is the primary vector of the dengue fever virus (DFV) in Colombia
The average incidence of dengue in the last ten years is 2,630 cases per 100,000 person-years, including a peak of 7,436 cases per 100,000 person-years in 2019 [28]. at is why this study aims to identify other socioeconomic, environmental, and behavioral factors associated with the presence and abundance of A. aegypti in the municipality of Castilla la Nueva
This study shows that 200 L containers as the main breeding sites for A. aegypti. ese containers have been identified as the most prolific breeding sites (>60%) for mosquito production in Colombia [21, 40, 42, 43]. e ovitraps showed a better sensitivity to identify female mosquito intrusion than direct inspection of water containers finding a proportion of positivity twice the house index. is result is similar to that by Alarcon et al [25] in the municipalities of Apartadoand Carepa, where the proportion of ovitraps was higher than 70% for both municipalities, while the proportion of positive residences varied between 1.92% and 58.2%
Summary
Aedes aegypti is the primary vector of the dengue fever virus (DFV) in Colombia. Its adaptation to the local anthropic conditions and capabilities of transmission of other viruses such as Zika and chikungunya makes the presence and abundance of this vector a significant threat to public health [1,2,3,4]. In 2019, there were 117,339 cases of dengue fever (116,065 classic presentation cases and 1,274 severe presentation cases); the case-fatality proportion of severe dengue was 13.8% (176 deaths) [5]. The economic and social impact of the disease has been estimated as 1,198.73 DALYs loss per million, US$225,896,097 costs of medical services and premature deaths, and an estimate of US$104,267,878 in expenses related to epidemiological control and surveillance [6]. Several research works have identified social marginality, lack of utilities
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