Host Plant Variation and Lack of Genetic Differentiation in Populations of Dione (Agraulis) dodona Lamas & Farfán (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae).

Abstract

Simple SummaryIn this study, we analyzed the population genetics of Dione (A.) dodona Lamas and Farfán (Nymphalidae), a recently described butterfly from xerophytic environments of the western slopes of the Central Andes, associated with Malesherbia tenuifolia (Passifloraceae). Searches for additional host-plant species were carried out throughout its known distribution. In total, seven species of Malesherbia have been reported as host plants for D. (A.) dodona, extending its distribution as far north as 50 km. We obtained samples of the last larval instar in six localities on different host-plant species that have disjointed distributions. We inferred the genetic diversity and structure between populations by using microsatellites and mitochondrial COI markers. The results showed a weak genetic differentiation between the evaluated populations, suggesting a continuum of gene flow through high dispersal, along with the disjoint occurrence of the host plants.Dione (Agraulis) dodona (Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) is a butterfly restricted to the western slopes of the Andes of Peru and Chile and is associated with Malesherbia tenuifolia in xerophytic environments. In this study, we found six additional species of host plants for D. (A.) dodona belonging to the genus Malesherbia (Passifloraceae). We used mitochondrial DNA sequences (COI) and microsatellites to screen genetic variation and investigate population structure in six geographic disjointed populations of D. (A.) dodona associated with distinct Malesherbia species. The PCoA analysis based on allele frequencies evidenced a lack of differentiation among populations and a low FST. The Bayesian cluster analyses revealed the existence of three genetically distinct groups, but almost all individuals present an admixture ancestry. An absence of isolation by distance pattern was observed. Possible scenarios are discussed: a bottleneck or recent colonization from interconnected populations from the south, and ongoing gene flow among local populations by high dispersal through a landscape formed of isolated populations of Malesherbia.