Hospital nursing personnel staffing and patient outcome

Abstract

The purpose of this review is to comment on the association between hospital nursing personnel staffing and patient outcomes, including the avoidance of errors and complications. A literature search was carried out in the Medline database on publications from the last 10years on nursing personnel staffing. Only overviews and observational studies on the topic were available and no controlled or prospective surveys. Most investigators assumed that there was an inverse relationship between low nursing staff levels of hospital wards and intensive care and adverse outcomes, including higher mortality rates; however, there is no clear significance for this assumption and evidence-based definitive lower limits for nursing staff cannot be given due to alack of randomized trials. The causes for unfavorable results in the case of inadequate nursing personnel staffing include hygiene deficiencies, orders not followed and unfulfilled nursing and monitoring measures. Furthermore, staff overload leads to staff dissatisfaction and burnout, which also has anegative impact on the results. Most studies required amaximum patient to nurse ratio of 2:1 for the intensive care unit and an average ratio of not more than 8:1 for surgical wards. With respect to these requirements, changing personnel needs must be considered depending on the current state of the patients being cared for, which enabled all investigators to require aflexible roster design; approval for fixed statutory lower limits for nursing staff was low. The level of education of the nursing staff also played an essential role as qualified nursing staff cannot be replaced at will by less qualified assistant staff. The level of training and the number of the nursing personnel influence hospital mortality and adverse outcomes; however, there are no evidence-based lower levels for nursing staff for inpatient care and perhaps this cannot be the case due to the changing complexity of the patients admitted, the comorbidities and possible treatment complications. There is aconsiderable need for research.